Showing posts with label Brief 1 - Space. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Brief 1 - Space. Show all posts
20.4.13
5.4.13
30.3.13
6.3.13
OBAFGKM
When looking at stellar classification, O B A F G K M, we need to obtain an example of a star for each category.
O
Class O stars are very hot and extremely luminous, being bluish in color. An example of this star category is Alpha Camelopardalis
Spectral Type: O9.5
Apparent Magnitude: 4.3 v
Distance: 6,000 ly
Mass: 43.2 solar mass
Radius: 36.8
Temperature: 27,700k
Age: 2 million years
Rotational Velocity: 80 km/s
B
Class B stars are very luminous and blue eg Rigel
Spectral Type: B8
Apparent Magnitude: 0.1 v
Distance: 772.9 ly
Mass: 18 solar mass
Radius: 74 r
Temperature: 12,130 k
Age: 8 million years
Rotational Velocity: 40 km/s
A
Class A stars are among the more common naked eye stars, and are white or bluish-white eg Sirius
Spectral Type: A1
Apparent Magnitude: -1.5 v
Distance: 8.6 ly
Mass: 2.0 solar mass
Radius: 1.7 r
Temperature: 9,940 k
Age: 250 million years
Rotational Velocity: 16 km/s
F
Class F stars are mostly white eg Polaris
Spectral Type: F7
Apparent Magnitude: 1.9 v
Distance: 433.8 ly
Mass: 4.5 solar mass
Radius: 46 r
Temperature: 6,015 k
Age: 70 million years
Rotational Velocity: 14 km/s
G
Class G stars are probably the best known, if only for the reason that the Sun is of this class eg Our Sun
Spectral Type: G2
Apparent Magnitude: -26.7 v
Distance: 8.3 minutes at light speed
Mass: 1 solar mass
Radius: 1 r
Temperature: 5,778 k
Age: 4.5 billion years
Rotational Velocity: 20 km/s
K
Class K are orangish stars that are slightly cooler than the Sun eg Arcturus
Spectral Type: K1.5
Apparent Magnitude: -2.3 v
Distance: 36.7 ly
Mass: 1.1 solar mass
Radius: 25.7 r
Temperature: 4,290 k
Age: 5 trillion years
Rotational Velocity: 2.4 km/s
M
Class M is by far the most common class. An example is Betelgeuse
Spectral Type: M2
Apparent Magnitude: 0.42 v
Distance: 643 ly
Mass: 18 solar mass
Radius: 1180 r
Temperature: 3,500 k
Age: 10 million years
Rotational Velocity: 5 km/s
O
Class O stars are very hot and extremely luminous, being bluish in color. An example of this star category is Alpha Camelopardalis
Spectral Type: O9.5
Apparent Magnitude: 4.3 v
Distance: 6,000 ly
Mass: 43.2 solar mass
Radius: 36.8
Temperature: 27,700k
Age: 2 million years
Rotational Velocity: 80 km/s
B
Class B stars are very luminous and blue eg Rigel
Spectral Type: B8
Apparent Magnitude: 0.1 v
Distance: 772.9 ly
Mass: 18 solar mass
Radius: 74 r
Temperature: 12,130 k
Age: 8 million years
Rotational Velocity: 40 km/s
A
Class A stars are among the more common naked eye stars, and are white or bluish-white eg Sirius
Spectral Type: A1
Apparent Magnitude: -1.5 v
Distance: 8.6 ly
Mass: 2.0 solar mass
Radius: 1.7 r
Temperature: 9,940 k
Age: 250 million years
Rotational Velocity: 16 km/s
F
Class F stars are mostly white eg Polaris
Spectral Type: F7
Apparent Magnitude: 1.9 v
Distance: 433.8 ly
Mass: 4.5 solar mass
Radius: 46 r
Temperature: 6,015 k
Age: 70 million years
Rotational Velocity: 14 km/s
G
Class G stars are probably the best known, if only for the reason that the Sun is of this class eg Our Sun
Spectral Type: G2
Apparent Magnitude: -26.7 v
Distance: 8.3 minutes at light speed
Mass: 1 solar mass
Radius: 1 r
Temperature: 5,778 k
Age: 4.5 billion years
Rotational Velocity: 20 km/s
K
Class K are orangish stars that are slightly cooler than the Sun eg Arcturus
Spectral Type: K1.5
Apparent Magnitude: -2.3 v
Distance: 36.7 ly
Mass: 1.1 solar mass
Radius: 25.7 r
Temperature: 4,290 k
Age: 5 trillion years
Rotational Velocity: 2.4 km/s
M
Class M is by far the most common class. An example is Betelgeuse
Spectral Type: M2
Apparent Magnitude: 0.42 v
Distance: 643 ly
Mass: 18 solar mass
Radius: 1180 r
Temperature: 3,500 k
Age: 10 million years
Rotational Velocity: 5 km/s
1.3.13
flocking
Flocking is the process of depositing small fibres (flock) that when heated raise to create a surface texture with the prints. It will be applied to the terrestrial planets to accentuate the solidity in comparison to the gaseous planets. We found the technique created a really interesting surface on the stock. We'll definitely have to practice this print process in order to perfect the consistency of the flock as some areas came out quite patchy. We found it was more effective/contrasting on the black stock.
The areas that were interesting were actually on the misprints where the paint created shapes that one might find on the surface of a terrestrial planet. Like the screen that was used for the metallic screen prints, the screen wasn't properly exposed due to the printer so this definitely would have effected the quality of the flocking print.
The areas that were interesting were actually on the misprints where the paint created shapes that one might find on the surface of a terrestrial planet. Like the screen that was used for the metallic screen prints, the screen wasn't properly exposed due to the printer so this definitely would have effected the quality of the flocking print.
metallic
Oli & I did a few screen print experiments with paint & stock. We exposed two circles onto a paper screen, one being a block coloured circle and the other half tone image of our moon. The only problem was that the black didn't print dark enough from the studio printers so the screen had a grainy texture to it. Seeing as it's just a tester it's fine, as the grain actually looked quite nice, but for the final prints we'll have to print block black circles downstairs in the digital printers.
We were thinking of using metalic paint for the moons due to the components of which they're made up of. The half tone image was applied in order to display each unique surface of the moons in our solar system. Fluorescent paint was also used which we think will be potentially applied with the suns to dramatise the luminosity.
We're currently looking into ordering some heat sensitive paint as some suns are supposedly so cold you could actually touch them, so this would add a really nice edge to the prints. For the moons we've been looking into getting some light reflective paint or some glow in the dark paint as it's contextual to the moons, and again, it would add another dimension to the prints.
The metallic copper paint was really nice to work with and we're keen to do some more prints experimenting with gold pearl, silver, bronze etc.
We were thinking of using metalic paint for the moons due to the components of which they're made up of. The half tone image was applied in order to display each unique surface of the moons in our solar system. Fluorescent paint was also used which we think will be potentially applied with the suns to dramatise the luminosity.
We're currently looking into ordering some heat sensitive paint as some suns are supposedly so cold you could actually touch them, so this would add a really nice edge to the prints. For the moons we've been looking into getting some light reflective paint or some glow in the dark paint as it's contextual to the moons, and again, it would add another dimension to the prints.
The metallic copper paint was really nice to work with and we're keen to do some more prints experimenting with gold pearl, silver, bronze etc.
22.2.13
triton
Triton is the largest of Neptune's moon and orbits in the opposite direction to Neptunes rotation. It has a surface of frozen hydrogen and a water ice crust. The core makes up two-thirds of it's total mass.
Orbital period: 5.88 earth days
Orbital Speed: 15,803.2 km/s
Inclination: 129.8°
Mean Radius: 235.8 km
Circumference: 8,503.7 km
Mass: 2.14×1022 kg
Surface Gravity: 0.78 m/s2
Apparent Magnitude: 13.5
miranda
Miranda is the smallest and innermost of Uranus' five major moons. What makes it unique is the surface structure of lightly cratered ridges and valleys with ridges 12 times as deep as the grand canyon.
Orbital period: 1.49 earth days
Orbital Speed: 4,067.7 km/s
Inclination: 4.23°
Mean Radius: 235.8 km
Circumference: 816,185.4 km
Mass: 6.59×1019 kg
Surface Gravity: 1.35 m/s2
Apparent Magnitude: 15.8
iapetus
Iapetus is Saturn's third largest moon. It's known as the yin and yang moon as interestingly it's got a two-tone colouration. It also has an equatorial ridge that runs half way around the moon.
Orbital period: 15.95 earth days
Orbital Speed: 5.58 km/s
Inclination: 0.35°
Mean Radius: 2,574.7 km
Circumference: 16,177.5 km
Mass: 1.346 x 1023 kg
Surface Gravity: 1.35 m/s2
Apparent Magnitude: 8.5
titan
Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and is the only other object in our solar system that has liquid on the surface. Unusually, titan has a dense nitrogen rich atmosphere. There are thick clouds around the moon thought to have been formed from evaporating lakes from methane rain.
Orbital period: 15.95 earth days
Orbital Speed: 5.58 km/s
Inclination: 0.35°
Mean Radius: 2,574.7 km
Circumference: 16,177.5 km
Mass: 1.346 x 1023 kg
Surface Gravity: 1.35 m/s2
Apparent Magnitude: 8.5
callisto
Callisto is the last of the four Galilean moons and unlike io, it's inactive and has a very old surface. The surface is mainly ice and has the highest impacted surface in our solar system.
Orbital period: 16.69 earth days
Orbital Speed: 8.20 km/s
Inclination: 0.19°
Mean Radius: 2,631.2 km
Circumference: 15,144.4 km
Mass: 1.0759 x 1023 kg
Surface Gravity: 1.24 m/s2
Apparent Magnitude: 5.65
ganymede
Ganymede is another of Jupiter's moons, one of the Galilean moons. It's composed of mostly silicate rock and icy water and is actually larger than mercury.
Orbital period: 7.15 earth days
Orbital Speed: 10.88 km/s
Inclination: 0.2°
Mean Radius: 2,631.2 km
Circumference: 16,532.3 km
Mass: 1.4819 × 1023 kg
Surface Gravity: 1.43 m/s2
Apparent Magnitude: 4.61
europa
Orbital period: 3.55 earth days
Orbital Speed: 13.74 km/s
Inclination: 0.47°
Mean Radius: 1,560.8 km
Circumference: 9806.8 km
Mass: 4.7998×1022 kg
Surface Gravity: 1.315 m/s2
Apparent Magnitude: 5.29
io
Being one of four of the Galilean moons (largest four) of Jupiter, io is one the most prominent moons in our solar system. The moon is highly active with erupting volcanoes, caused by the intense tidal gravity of Jupiter, keeping the yellow (sulfur) surface of the moon new.
Orbital period: 1.78 earth days
Orbital Speed: 12.33 km/s
Inclination: 2.21°
Mean Radius: 1821.6 km
Circumference: 1,445.5 km
Mass: 8.93×1022 kg
Surface Gravity: 1.796 m/s2
Apparent Magnitude: 5.02
phobos
Phobos is the larger of the two moons of Mars and it's names derives from the Greek word for fear.
Orbital period: 0.32 earth days
Orbital Speed: 2.12 km/s
Inclination: 26.04°
Mean Radius: 11.1 km
Circumference: 69.7 km
Mass: 1.072×1016 kg
Surface Gravity: 0.0057 m/s2
Apparent Magnitude: 11.3
lunar
Our moon, known as Luna (latin) or Selene (greek), is the fifth largest moon in our solar system, and the largest in size relative to it's primary (earth).
Orbital period: 27.32 earth days
Orbital Speed: 1.02 km/s
Inclination: 5.15°
Mean Radius: 1737.10 km
Circumference: 10,921 km
Mass: 7.3477 × 1022 kg
Surface Gravity: 1.622 m/s2
Apparent Magnitude: −12.7
moons
One of the ranges of posters will feature moons in our solar system. Our solar system contains hundreds of natural satellites:
mercury - 0
venus - 0
earth - 1
mars - 2
jupiter - 66
saturn -62
uranus - 27
neptune - 13
Most of the major natural satellites of the Solar System have regular orbits, while most of the small natural satellites have irregular orbits. The Earth's Moon is believed to have originated by the collision of two large proto-planetary objects. The material that would have been placed in orbit around the central body is predicted to have reaccreted to form one or more orbiting natural satellites. As opposed to planetary-sized bodies, asteroid moons are thought to commonly form by this process. Triton is another exception; although large and in a close, circular orbit, its motion is retrograde and it is thought to be a captured dwarf planet.
Most regular moons in the Solar System are tidally locked to their respective primaries, meaning that the same side of the natural satellite always faces its planet. The only known exception is Saturn's natural satellite Hyperion, which rotates chaotically because of the gravitational influence of Titan. In contrast, the outer natural satellites of the gas giants are too far away to have become locked.
Of the nineteen known natural satellites in the Solar System that are massive enough to have lapsed into hydrostatic equilibrium, several remain geologically active today. Io is the most volcanically active body in the Solar System, while Europa, Enceladus, Titan and Triton display evidence of ongoing tectonic activity. In the first three cases, the geological activity is powered by the tidal heating resulting from having eccentric orbits close to their gas giant primaries. Many other natural satellites, such as Earth's Moon, show evidence of past geological activity.
Placing significant moons into categories will be needed in order to assign a print process/finish to the prints. So far I'm thinking these categories could be selected from the following:
- orbital period
- orbital speed
- inclination
- mean radius
- circumference
- mass
- surface gravity
- surface temperature
- apparent magnitude
mercury - 0
venus - 0
earth - 1
mars - 2
jupiter - 66
saturn -62
uranus - 27
neptune - 13
Most of the major natural satellites of the Solar System have regular orbits, while most of the small natural satellites have irregular orbits. The Earth's Moon is believed to have originated by the collision of two large proto-planetary objects. The material that would have been placed in orbit around the central body is predicted to have reaccreted to form one or more orbiting natural satellites. As opposed to planetary-sized bodies, asteroid moons are thought to commonly form by this process. Triton is another exception; although large and in a close, circular orbit, its motion is retrograde and it is thought to be a captured dwarf planet.
Most regular moons in the Solar System are tidally locked to their respective primaries, meaning that the same side of the natural satellite always faces its planet. The only known exception is Saturn's natural satellite Hyperion, which rotates chaotically because of the gravitational influence of Titan. In contrast, the outer natural satellites of the gas giants are too far away to have become locked.
Of the nineteen known natural satellites in the Solar System that are massive enough to have lapsed into hydrostatic equilibrium, several remain geologically active today. Io is the most volcanically active body in the Solar System, while Europa, Enceladus, Titan and Triton display evidence of ongoing tectonic activity. In the first three cases, the geological activity is powered by the tidal heating resulting from having eccentric orbits close to their gas giant primaries. Many other natural satellites, such as Earth's Moon, show evidence of past geological activity.
Placing significant moons into categories will be needed in order to assign a print process/finish to the prints. So far I'm thinking these categories could be selected from the following:
- orbital period
- orbital speed
- inclination
- mean radius
- circumference
- mass
- surface gravity
- surface temperature
- apparent magnitude
25.1.13
stellar classifictaion
Seeing as Oli and I need to categorise objects in space we have assigned to certain areas of research. I've got stars & oli will be researching planets within our solar system.
In astronomy, stellar classification categorises stars in terms of their spectral characteristics. This allows for a measurement of it's photosphere's temperature (atomic excitation most prominant in light - ionization in it's photosphere)
Stars are mainly classified using the letters O, B, A, F, G, K, & M. This is often remembered using the mnemonic "Oh Be A Fine Girl Kiss Me" or "Oh Boy An F Grade Kills Me"
Traditionally these are what the stars are called:
O - blue
B - blue / white
A - white
F - white / yellow
G - yellow
K - orange
M - red
In addition, the Morgan-Keenan system adds another measurement that represents the range between two star categories using the numbers 0-9. Each unit represents a tenth eg A2 would be 2 tenths between A0 & F0. Lower numbered stars in the catagory are brighter.
Furthermore, using the Morgan-Keenan system, numerical values which portray the absorption lines of a star. This is therefore a general measure of the size of the star, and the total luminosity output.
Star classes:
i - supergiants
ii - bright giants
iii - giants
iv - subgiants
v - dwarfs / main sequence
Our sun, for example, is classified as G2V which would mean it's a yellow 2 tenths towards orange main sequence star.
Using this stellar classification as catagories will allow us to explore and apply unique print processes and finishes onto the prints.....
In astronomy, stellar classification categorises stars in terms of their spectral characteristics. This allows for a measurement of it's photosphere's temperature (atomic excitation most prominant in light - ionization in it's photosphere)
Stars are mainly classified using the letters O, B, A, F, G, K, & M. This is often remembered using the mnemonic "Oh Be A Fine Girl Kiss Me" or "Oh Boy An F Grade Kills Me"
Traditionally these are what the stars are called:
O - blue
B - blue / white
A - white
F - white / yellow
G - yellow
K - orange
M - red
In addition, the Morgan-Keenan system adds another measurement that represents the range between two star categories using the numbers 0-9. Each unit represents a tenth eg A2 would be 2 tenths between A0 & F0. Lower numbered stars in the catagory are brighter.
Furthermore, using the Morgan-Keenan system, numerical values which portray the absorption lines of a star. This is therefore a general measure of the size of the star, and the total luminosity output.
Star classes:
i - supergiants
ii - bright giants
iii - giants
iv - subgiants
v - dwarfs / main sequence
Our sun, for example, is classified as G2V which would mean it's a yellow 2 tenths towards orange main sequence star.
Using this stellar classification as catagories will allow us to explore and apply unique print processes and finishes onto the prints.....
21.1.13
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